Desktop environment conflicts. Linux desktop environments (GNOME, KDE, XFCE, and others) bind some keyboard shortcuts at the system level. If a DE shortcut uses the same key combination as a Chrome shortcut, the DE usually wins. Common areas of conflict involve Alt-based shortcuts and certain Ctrl+Alt combinations. If a Chrome shortcut isn't working, check your DE's keyboard settings to see if it's claimed there.
GNOME users. GNOME uses Ctrl+Alt+T to open a terminal by default, Super key for Activities, and various Alt combinations for window management. These don't overlap with most Chrome shortcuts, but Alt+F4 (close window) is a standard GNOME behavior that also closes Chrome rather than triggering any browser action.
KDE users. KDE's global shortcuts can be more aggressive about capturing key combinations. If you find Chrome shortcuts misfiring, the KDE Global Shortcuts settings panel is where to look.
DevTools on Linux. Chrome DevTools work the same on Linux as on Windows. F12 or the Ctrl-based shortcut opens the panel, and the full panel navigation shortcut set is available.