Tabs and windows. Ctrl/Cmd+T opens a new tab, Ctrl/Cmd+Shift+N opens a new window in Private mode, and Ctrl+Tab (Windows/Linux) or Cmd+Option+Right (Mac) cycles between open tabs.
Browser features. Ctrl/Cmd+Shift+B toggles the bookmarks bar, Ctrl/Cmd+H opens history, and Ctrl+Shift+J / Cmd+Option+I opens Developer Tools.
The address bar. Ctrl+L / Cmd+L jumps to the address bar; typing a search term and pressing Enter searches with your default engine.
The page itself. Ctrl/Cmd+F finds text on the page, Ctrl/Cmd+D bookmarks it, and Ctrl+Equal / Ctrl+Minus (Cmd on Mac) zoom in and out.