Single-key tools. Same bare-key activation as Mac: V, M, L, W, C, E, G, B, T, P, I, H, Z, D, X. Press to switch tools.
Layer operations. Ctrl+J duplicates the active layer. Ctrl+E merges down. Ctrl+Shift+E merges visible. Ctrl+G groups; Ctrl+Shift+G ungroups.
Free Transform. Ctrl+T enters Free Transform. Proportional scaling is on by default in current Photoshop. Enter confirms; Escape cancels.
Adjustment shortcuts. Ctrl+L (Levels), Ctrl+M (Curves), Ctrl+U (Hue/Saturation), Ctrl+B (Color Balance). The most-used image adjustment shortcuts open the relevant dialog directly without navigating to the Image menu.
Selection operations. Ctrl+D deselects. Ctrl+Shift+I inverts the selection. Ctrl+A selects all. Ctrl+Shift+D reselects the last selection.
Undo. Ctrl+Z steps backward through history in current Photoshop. Ctrl+Shift+Z steps forward.
F-keys. F-keys work without Fn on Windows. F5 opens the Brushes panel. F7 opens the Layers panel. These panel shortcuts are less commonly used now that panels can be docked, but they remain available.